City Council — May 5, 2026

♪ You. You. ♪ . .

Thank you. Gracias.

Thank you. Okay, report from closed session. Mr. Rosen?

Thank you Mayor. So for the one closed session item read into the record this evening at 430 p.m., there is no reportable action. Okay

thank you. At this time we'll have public forum. Anybody that wishes to speak to anything that's not on our agenda this evening

Yes, thank you Madam Mayor. I do have four speaker slips for those of you on the Zoom webinar please use raised hand icon and I will call on you our first in-person speakers Sarah Iron.

Good evening My name is Sarah, interim for the record. I am the Executive Director of MOVE Santa Barbara County, the non-profit leading active transportation education and advocacy across Santa Barbara County. I want to thank you for acknowledging MOVE's work with your eBike proclamation this past January And I'm pleased to follow up with a progress report. I know you're getting a lot of questions from folks, there's a lot of confusion and concern about e-bikes in our community so we worked with the Office of Traffic Safety to develop this e-bike rules of the road and buying guide. We have it in English and Spanish. I'm going to leave it behind for you.

We've been working on this for some time and we're distributing it digitally through schools and districts countywide furnishing e-bike retailers with print copies to share with families at the point of purchase Exactly when that information is most needed. We know that e-bikes are part of the solution to some of our most pressing transportation challenges including affordability, access and reducing car dependency. Helping riders use them safely is one way we can protect that potential so we look forward to sharing this with your community and thank you for your ongoing support of our advocacy in the e-bike realm.

Thank you so much.

Our next speaker is Steve Del Rio Okay, our next speaker then is Marcio Hernandez.

Good evening, Mayor and Councilmembers. My name is Michael Hernandez. I am here representing the South Coast Youth Safety Partnership Program. Thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today about positive youth development or PYD and the importance and continued collaboration across South County to support At its core, PYD shifts how we think about youth instead of focusing only on risk. It centers on strengths, relationships and opportunities.

It's about ensuring that every young person feels safe, valued, connected and supported. We know when those protective factors are in place, youth are more likely to succeed in school, avoid involvement in the justice system and grow into leaders in the community. That's why collaboration is critical. Through the South Coast Youth Safety Partnership, we are bringing together schools, community-based organizations, law enforcement, probation, public health and youth themselves to align efforts and build a coordinated system effort.

This work is already in motion. In October we convened partners from South County with more than 20 agencies made clear commitments to strengthen youth engagement and more intentionally together rather than in silos. Since then we have been following through integration shared strategies, developing tools to measure impact and creating a more consistent approach to supporting youth across South County. We're also creating more opportunities for young people to have voice in this guided work We've selected 20 students from South County to be trained as facilitators in collaboration with the Santa Barbara Unified School District through interactive PYD-based training. They're building skills in public speaking, active listening, conflict resolution and group facilitation while gaining the confidence to lead and create inclusive spaces for their peers.

This effort has also drawn interest from the Annie E. Casey Foundation, which plans to connect with these youth after the summit to elevate their insights. When we invest in PYD and partnerships like this, we are choosing prevention over reaction and build stronger, safer communities for everyone. I respectfully urge the council to continue support and investing in this work to prioritize policies and funding that strengthens cross-sector collaboration And lastly, I want to personally invite every person on the board to our youth summit this May 20th from four to six at the Santa Barbara Faulkner Gallery. We'll be honored to have you join us and hear directly from the youth.

Thank you for your time and continued commitment to the young people of our community. And I have added flyers for you guys if you guys would like to join us. I appreciate your time, thank you.

Thank you so much.

Our next in-person speaker is George Rellis.

Good evening, first I want to congratulate the clerks. This is professional municipal clerk's week. I didn't know you got a week but good for you. Also confession is good for the soul so I'm gonna confess that I didn't think the roundabout would work. That was wrong. I didn't oppose it It's fantastic. It's really made a big difference, so congratulations to Public Works and to all of you for having the vision. We look forward to more.

Finally, as you know e-bikes are a sore spot. I was glad to hear the speaker that you're taking some action. I urge you to start by having your legislative representative talk with the state because I think that's a bottleneck and I don't think you should be passive about it. I think you should urge them to urge legislators to let you do what you need to do to keep everybody safe, the riders and pedestrians and people in cars.

So with that, I thank you for your service. Have a great meeting. Thank you

and then Steve Delaria, are you here? Yes.

In Lompoc where I'm at we don't have traffic on the 101. I should've come through Goleta with the roundabouts is what I should have done. I'm Steve DeLaria, the program director for the South Coast for Family Youth Services and Communify and one of the programs we have is the South Coast Youth Safety Partnership In 2007, we had a homicide of a 14-year old boy in front of Saks Fifth Avenue. Most of us remember that day and what we were doing when that happened.

His name is Angel and we lovingly call him Angel and remind ourselves why we do the work. In 2008, the cities and counties came together for a conversation about what could we do collectively to stop the violence from happening in our community? And in 2008, we had the South Coast Task Force on Youth Gangs formed. And in 2016, we changed the name to be more inclusive of all youth including those that are not in gangs and we decided that we would have a South Coast Youth Safety Partnership. And so the partnership is really working as you heard Michael just talk about the positive youth development work that we're doing and the youth summit that we have coming up Some of the work that we've done over the years includes prevention and well-being, public safety and intervention services and basic needs.

And that was really true during the pandemic youth empowerment and community and family engagement. We are here to serve the community what we could do better is probably come here more often to report back to you all about the work that we're doing so that you could see But I can attest that when we had the three stabbings here, we were responsive to the community. When we had the homicide here, we're responsive to the community. When we had the shooting at Haskell Beach, we are responsive to the community and the stabbing at one of the continuation schools. We were responsive to the community.

We work with your City Council members throughout all three of the regions. We work with Board of Supervisors, we work with people from the Department of Social Services, Santa Barbara County Education, Probation and there's a whole group of us that comes together once a month to strategically look at how do we address the issues of violence and youth safety in our community? On behalf of Communify and our Chief who couldn't be here today, we'd just like to say thank you.

Thank you.

I have no further speakers for public forum.

Okay, thank you. Amendments or adjustments to our agenda? City Manager.

Madam Mayor, I have nothing.

Nothing! Do you have anything to report?

I don't. We have a long agenda tonight so I'll turn it back over to you.

Then we'll move on to consent calendar.

Thank you Madam Mayor. That is item A1 approval of the City Council meeting minutes of March 17, 2026, April 7, 2026 and April 21, 2026. Item A2 acceptance of the March 2026 check register. Item A3 acceptance for the March 2026 investment transaction report Item A4, Deferred Compensation Plan Update. 457B Record Keeper Transition Establishment of a 401A Defined Contribution Retirement Plan, Plan Administrative Designation, Indemnification and Ongoing Fiduciary Advisory Services.

Item A5, Second Reading of an Ordinance to Amend Requirements and Procedures for Encroachment Permits. Conduct the second reading by title only and adopt ordinance 26 next in order entitled, an ordinance of the City Council of the city of Goleta California replacing chapter 12.02, Title 12 of the Goleta Municipal Code regarding encroachments on public property and finding their regulations exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act.

Item A-6 Public Works Professional Services Agreements pardon me amendments with West Coast Arborist Inc for tree trimming and tree maintenance services for parkway strips and facilities And item A7, adoption of a zoning map ordinance amendment for property located at 421, 425 and 445 Pine Avenue case number 25-0004-ORD. Conduct the second reading by title only and waive further reading on adopt ordinance number 26 next in order entitled An Ordinance of the City Council of the City of Goleta California Adopting an Ordinance Amendment to Zoning Map from General Commercial GC to Business Park BP and adopting the notice of exemption on a 3.4 acre site located at 421, 425 and 445 Pine Avenue known as Goleta Business Park APN 071-130-048 case number 25-0004-ORD.

Thank you.

Week provides an opportunity to recognize and celebrate the invaluable work of our municipal clerks and to acknowledge their vital contributions to the public service and highlight their important role in the daily operations of our cities. Let it be resolved that the City Council of the City of Goleta hereby recognizes May 3rd through May 9th as Professional Municipal Clerks Week and further extend our appreciation to our Municipal Clerk Deborah Lopez and Senior Deputy City Clerk David Gutierrez, and our Deputy City Clerk Nicholas Norman for the vital services they perform and their exemplary dedication to the community that they represent.

Approved today and signed by Mayor Paula Perotti

All right, I'm ready. OK. Yes? Right here, yes. I know you love pictures. OK. Right here. I feel like we should bring Deborah's alumni in. Oh perfect. Here we go. Ready? 1, 2, 3.

Awesome.

Well then all of us. Yes. We

need to bring the alumni in one of these days. We've got Liana here getting a look at Blake. That would be nice.

All right.

I do just wanna thank the mayor and council for the acknowledgement here. You know it's rare that we ask to toot our own horns, but it is so important you have such dedicated staff that on a day-to-day basis does a tremendous job. And we acknowledge not just our clerks but the clerks nationwide, so we do appreciate that.

Yeah, thank you very much for the proclamation. It's really been an honor to serve this council and these residents in this great city. So thank you very much.

Thank you! I do want you to know that I hear a lot of praise. Maybe you don't get it often, but I have heard it quite often about how the two of you and the three of you all work together to help whether it's with a proclamation or an agenda or during election time your professionalism and your kindness and you're just good people so we're very lucky. Thank you.

Do we have any speakers?

Yes, thank you Madam Mayor. Anyone who wishes to speak to this item please use the raised hand icon and I will call on you. I'm seeing none Madame Mayor.

Okay then we'll move on to the next presentation.

Thank You Madam Mayor that is Item B3 Johnny D Wallace Neighborhood Park splash pad operations update an amendment to agreement for janitorial services

Long-awaited splash pad.

Good evening Mayor, Council Members I'm Autumn Glazer the Assistant Public Works Director and I have George Thompson with me the Parks and Open Space Manager and I will hand it off to him to give a quick presentation and then we're available for questions thank you

Good evening, Madam Mayor and Council. We've been waiting a long time for this facility. It is gonna be a lot of fun. It is the city's first aquatic facility which is special and also the South Coast's first public splash pad. So this evening I'll be going over a little bit of behind-the-scenes of what the splash pad is, how it's run and operated, what Public Works has been doing to get ready for the special opening and then we'll be announcing the schedule The ribbon-cutting event.

This is a view of Johnny D. Wallace Park and the new splash pad in operation so public works staff has been running the facility, we've had it fenced off until the official opening. The splash pad is an easily operated recreational facility there are two activation buttons on either end of the splash pad you can see them in the photo the blue pole and the green pole there A splash pad user can just hit the top of that pole and it activates the jets and they'll run for 15 minutes. And, of course, every kid within a 20-mile radius is going to be running through those jets when it opens. It's designed for primarily younger kids, and it really is a great opportunity for kids to get more comfortable with water without standing water.

There are 34 jets in the floor that shoot up in a variety of patterns. They're programmed on a sequence, so they come on at different times during that 15 minute interval for a variety of fun play activity. The flooring itself is similar to our playground flooring, so it's a safety flooring. It's squishy. Kids can take a tumble on there and not scuff up their knees.

And then the system has two drainages, so one that goes to an underground tank that I'll talk about in a moment, and then a perimeter drain that goes to our stormwater sump. There are generally two types of splash pads, one that recirculates water and that's what we have. And then the other type of course is a once through where you get potable water, run it out in the jets and then it drains to the sewer system.

Our system is a little bit more water efficient for water conservation purposes. Okay, just adjacent to the splash pad is the pump house. This is where we have all of our mechanical equipment on the exterior of the building. We have two showers and we're encouraging users of the splash pad to shower off before they jump onto the pad itself that helps us control the contaminant load oils soaps all that stuff just like if you have a hot tub or you're at a public swimming pool it's recommended We'll have signage on site that recommends that activity.

Within the pump house, we have sanitation and disinfection equipment so as the water comes off of the splash pad goes into an underground tank that we'll see in a moment and then we run it through a series of pumps. We have chlorine disinfection equipment just like a swimming pool as well as ultraviolet light and a series of filters. This is a view of the underground tank. It's 4,000 gallons.

It has a refill valve that you see on the right there and then down at the bottom of the tank we have a series of large paper filters. This is considered a confined space that's regulated by the state so only certain staff and contractors that have confined space training are allowed to enter into this facility. Okay, the schedule. So we are proposing to open up the splash pad in two weeks and two days, May 21st at 3 p.m.

Mayor and Council will be doing a ribbon cutting ceremony there. We'll have lots of kids I'm sure. And the proposed schedule for the public so starting on May 21, 3 p., all the way through Labor Day, the facility is proposed to be opened to the public six days a week We're closing on Wednesdays for maintenance. We have to pull those filters out, scrub down the floor, change out any parts that need changing out but otherwise it'll be open to the public six days a week except for Wednesdays starting at 10am all the way to 6pm Okay, I do want to step back from the excitement of opening the splash pad to just talk a little bit about what the Public Works Department has been doing behind the scenes and paint the picture for the regulatory requirements for a splash pad.

Just like a swimming pool, splash pads are regulated by County Environmental Health As well as a series of codes at the state level and then recommendations from the CDC at the federal level. The great thing about splash pads is that there's no standing water on them, so we are not required to have a lifeguard on duty. There's virtually no drowning risk. So the staffing costs are much reduced compared to a public swimming pool. However, we are required to maintain consistent pH levels, consistent disinfection levels, chlorine as well as water clarity so that's what our staff now is trained up to do. We have also hired a pool service company to assist us with the startup.

We also have a series of filters sand filters those big paper filters that I showed in the tank We're constantly changing those out and reading the pH levels and chlorine levels. And then as a secondary unit, we have an ultraviolet light that zaps all of the water before it gets sent out to the splash pad floor. So it's kind of a belt-and-suspenders approach but we're following all of the applicable guidelines and rules as they relate to splash pads in this public aquatic facility.

So what does maintenance look like for our staff and our contractor team? Daily, we are checking and maintaining the water chemistry. So maintaining that narrow range of pH and making sure there's enough chlorine in the water to kill off any germs, bacteria, viruses. We inspect and clean the floor daily. So before the facility is open to the public at 10 a.m., we'll have our staff and contractor team out there at 730 a. m. hosing off the floor, removing debris.

Typically we'll find candy wrappers, bark mulch, occasionally broken glass so we're getting all of that cleaned up before it's opened up to the public daily. We also maintain all of the equipment in the pump house. So that's backwashing the sand filters, changing out the underground confined space filters, maintaining the ultraviolet light on a regular consistent basis.

I should add that our chemical controller and the UV light system are controlled by a computer so we have built-in alarms that will sound if the water quality is not within a narrow range or if the UV light is not activating and delivering the right amount of energy, it'll actually automatically shut off the pump system. We also have other equipment that we're maintaining. The pumps, there's two pumps that move water around within the system and then of course we're monitoring the water within the surge tank So if an event occurs on the splash pad while it's open to the public, we're primarily concerned about three things.

Fecal matter, vomit and blood. Those are the three items that are called out in the codes. So if that happens on the splash pad floor what is a caregiver or child to do? We've actually set up a call number that will be posted on the site that will have a relay called to public work staff so immediately somebody will call that number One of those events occurs, get in touch with city staff and then we can shut the splash pad off.

We are required to go through a process to decontaminate the water and the splash pad floor. In the event of that occurring, the splash pad will be shut down for a minimum of 12 hours while we super chlorinate the water and make sure that there's no germs and those materials left on site. Okay, so our anticipated costs for this year and I'll preface this portion of the presentation by saying this is our first season. So we do have some anticipated startup costs that are typically going to be higher than what we're looking at for future years but for this first year we're running Memorial Day to Labor Day We have several contractors on board.

The first one is a janitorial services company that we work with closely. They're already doing a lot of work in our park system, cleaning picnic areas, emptying trash. Same company Big Green. It is the action item on the council item to amend that contract so we're recommending a $45,000 contract amendment. They'd be coming out every morning as well as doing the emergency response decontamination of the splash pad floor We have the pool service company, $45,000 as well to assist with pool chemistry as well as equipment replacement and troubleshooting.

And then of course the confined space filter replacement that's the underground tank none of our staff are currently trained up to do that work so at least once a week we have to get into the confined space tank pull those filters out and replace them with new ones clean ones We've already actually in the last several months gone through the system multiple times.

We found some items had to be upgraded and replaced, as well as we're purchasing chemicals, cleaning chemicals, as well as the pool chemicals, muriatic acid and chlorine that make sure that we're targeting that narrow range of water chemistry. And then we have utility costs such as electricity, water that we're accounting for and we've set up a wireless network to be able to communicate to the computer controllers from our smartphones. We've also estimated at $57,000 our estimated staff time that includes our public works leadership time spent on the splash pad as well as our maintenance staff.

So we have a range that we presented, $195,000 to $235,000 for this first year of maintenance and operations. Some of that does include, of course, disposable items and chemicals and mechanical replacements. Okay, the big event Thursday May 21st. We hope the community shows up in numbers bring your swimsuit bring a towel we will have public messaging going out this week through the city's channels to announce that event it's gonna be a really fun event one of the Sad things that I've had to witness is when we have been running the splash pad to test the systems every kid at the playground comes over, drapes themselves on the fence and just stares at the water. So this will be a really fun event where we get to take that fence down, invite all of the kids on board because I know they're eagerly anticipating this great event so thank you.

I'd be happy to take any questions.

Thank you. Councilmember Kariakou?

Thank you, Madam Mayor and thank you George for that presentation. I'll start off by kind of dovetailing on what you were just saying. You have all those kids staring from the outside. I think you will also have rival councilmembers from other jurisdictions hanging by the fence and staring from the outside. For those who don't know what I'm talking about, I woke up right when we are doing our groundbreaking ceremony a few years back and I was greeted by an item on Facebook from Councilmember Mike Jordan in Santa Barbara Where he was sharing the City of Goleta groundbreaking ceremony media and the caption, see even Goleta gets a splash pad.

So I would just like to reiterate what I've already done privately to Mike which is to invite him to our grand opening and to enjoy the splash pad. Sometimes it's scary to be first in a community that's doing something like this. We should be honest, there's been some unanticipated costs. There's been some hiccups. There have been some surprises. We've tried and we've learned and that will make it easier for those that come after us but I'm really glad that we're here now and really supportive of all the good work that our staff has done. And there's just so many good things happening in The Good Land right now and this is just the latest one. You got the new train station about to open. Our new library is on the way Some things that are less glamorous but really important like the crib wall being replaced in western Goleta, really important.

Other pretty things like the new mural that just went up at Santa Barbara Aquatics in Old Town and pretty soon you'll be able to interact with World Cup soccer right here in Goleta and you can even maybe watch some World Cup soccer at one of our Meet Me In Old Town block parties so just lots of really good things happening right now I don't know if anyone saw the LA Times article Galeta is having a moment. This is just one more example of it. Thank you so much for your hard work. The one question I guess I do have, you highlighted what the operating costs should be in the near term based on initial startup. What do we anticipate normal operating costs once things settle down?

Council Member Kiriakou. I think our estimate was probably, you know, approximately 15% less from some of those startup costs but we really won't know until we get into operations and one of the big key items is that confined space filter and it is really dependent on the contaminant load so if we start to see pressures increase we may need to replace more than once a week and so that That could significantly change our price. So we'll have a better idea after this season or even after the first month, we will have a better idea of what it's going to cost us going forward.

And then you mentioned that the floor in order to make it a safer surface and not have bumps and bruises and scrapes I think the technical term that was used was squishy? Do we anticipate that kids will be slipping and sliding, like sliding into first kind of a thing? When we've done our observations of how these actually work out in the wild, what kinds of common things are used that take advantage of a squishy slippery floor or squishy grippy floor perhaps.

If you've ever seen a group of toddlers run around, that's what we're anticipating is. There's gonna be wild pandemonium. The great thing about the floor is that it is slip resistant so it offers that impact attenuation cushioning as well as a slip resistance. These types of floors are designed for aquatic settings so it has some grip to it and will reduce the likelihood of those unanticipated tumbles

This is a great thing. There's not a lot of places in Old Town for people to keep cool. We don't have a cooling center, so I think this is going to be a welcome addition to kids in the summer that want to stay cool when it gets hot. Thank you.

Thank you. I share the excitement that we're so close to opening and actually my question was going to be about the surface, you know like since we haven't had the opportunity to kind of feel it or stand on it yet that We have thought about kind of potentials for slipping. So that's exciting. Um, I guess related to that question I can imagine A lot of movement of kids between the splash pad and the playground.

So have you thought through any potential hazards or issues related to the rest of the play equipment being wet?

Mayor and Council, the playground itself should be fairly durable. Kids are on that playground early morning. I've been out there when it's dewy after rain. The playground floor itself also has that impact attenuating surface One of the things that we are looking at, the transition area between the splash pad and the playground is we do have two landscape planters with some bark mulch that we do want to keep an eye on because the potential for that to migrate onto the splash pad and then get into the water system. So we're keeping a close eye on that.

That was my only question really excited thank you. Councilmember

Kasdan?

Yeah well two things one is I think it's Michael Bennett that really deserves credit. So Michael out there, he was one of the people who cared most about encouraging this so shout out. The other is just You alluded to some of the bumps in the road, the travails. But it is quite a struggle that you've gone through just in terms of how to do maintenance and whether we can contract or train.

And it's been a tribute, in part, to our perseverance and following up and seeing it through. You know, so you all kept working it and we're soon to get to the finish line hopefully wet. And I just remember I used to live in DC and my son was young and had splash pads there. And for the right age they are awesome especially you see Are you here, actually more accurately hear the excitement. You hear the kids from far away that this peals of laughter and screaming it's just a wonderful thing to really enhances the not just that park but for the city as well so I'm very excited thank you

oh I just want to comment quickly on the fact that Michael Bennett never councilmember Michael Bennett never gave up on this idea And I think I gave him a little bit of hard time. I said, oh just get the kids a hose. What do they need? Teasing them, I was teasing them but he's like relentless. He did not stop and I'm so glad we're finally seeing it happen and it's so exciting.

I can't wait to see this in here, the squeals of delight especially the first day wow! So thank you. I do have a question about The filters, they have to be completely replaced. You can't clean them and I mean that's kind of going to be the biggest expense it looks like.

Mayor, so when we pull the filters out on Wednesday we actually take them back to our corporate yard and we have a cleaning process. So we actually have three sets of filters in rotation. So they're not

totally replaced

each

time? Correct.

They're not replaced each time but they do have a finite life so as we're cleaning we inspect to make sure that the pleats on them are not torn but we've got three sets in rotation Anticipating that annually we would need to replace

Great Do we have any speakers public speakers?

Yes, thank you madam mayor for those of you on the zoom webinar who wish to speak this item Please use raised hand icon and I will call on you I'm seeing none.

Well, I hope somebody I don't know if I have Michael Bennett's number but I hope somebody might have his number and definitely Okay, good. Thank you. He has to come in. All right, thank you. Thank you so much for your report and all your work. Yeah, thanks. Do we have a motion? Okay, next item. A motion for the agreement? Oh, we

have a motion. I believe there's an agreement on this item.

Yes, received. Yes. Authorized city manager. Yes we do have a motion. Who would like to make that motion?

I'll make it.

No one wants to put it on the screen for me to make it easy to

find? I am moving. Move that we receive a presentation on the proposed splash pad operation schedule and estimated costs. And B, authorize the city manager to execute amendment number two to general services agreement number 2022-112 with rich and famous Inc. DBA Big Green Cleaning Company for janitorial services for parks and open space, increasing the agreement amount by $45,000 for a total not to exceed amount of $1,466,213.33 with a termination date of June 30th, 2027. Do I have a second? I'll second. Okay. Roll call vote.

Next item will be Item B4 Hollister Avenue Old Town Interim Starping Project Update

Good evening Mayor and Council Members. My name is Melissa Angeles and I'm the project manager for the Hollister Avenue Interim Striping Project and Project Connect. Presenting with me this evening are Derek Rapp, the City's Contract Traffic Engineer and Shannon Kern, Assistant to the City Manager Tonight we'll be providing an update on the Hollister Avenue Interim Striping Project and will give a brief background on the project, discuss the improvements, public outreach, project approach, project goals, evaluation of results, the Old Town business environment, and the next steps.

As a brief note, slide three of the PowerPoint presentation has been updated to include additional background information. Plans to modify the Hollister Avenue corridor through Old Town Goleta have been discussed in various venues for many years. Prior to the city's incorporation, the County of Santa Barbara adopted the Goleta-Old Town Revitalization Plan which identified improvements to Hollister Avenue.

The City of Goleta adopted the revitalization plan and capital improvement projects as part of its incorporation in 2002 which included the Hollister Avenue redesign project. In 2014, the city received notification of award of a Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery or TIGER grant. The City of Goleta was only one of three agencies awarded this highly competitive grant to be used toward the Hollister Avenue Complete Streets Corridor Plan planning project also known as the corridor study.